Patrick Grey On September 30, 1919, Black sharecroppers throughout Phillips County, Arkansas convened in a church in the town of Elaine to discuss fairer cotton prices for the fall sale and plan how to increase Black land ownership among Black farmers. Armed guards stood just outside of the church while white police officers were in a car parked nearby. Not long after the meeting began, … Continue reading An Oral History of a Native Son: The Elaine Massacre and its Living Memory